From developments in artificial intelligence (AI) to the impact of disinformation on democracy, 2024 was a year marked by big social, technological, political and economic shifts.

And sometimes we all need either a bit more information about what’s going on in the world, or some time out from it.

We asked some of the University of Melbourne’s academics and researchers for recommendations of what they watched, read or listened to in 2024 that gave them unexpected insights, new ways of thinking or a sanctuary in troubled times.

Urn containing the reddish liquid — This is the oldest still-liquid wine ever found. Picture: Juan Manuel Román

In part one of this series, we learn about ancient wines, deepfake AI, poetry and sci fi.

Dr Tamara Lewit
School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, Faculty of Arts

I read: My favourite research discovery of 2024 was when a mystery liquid turned out to be the world’s oldest wine.

The liquid was found in 2019, when a local family knocked down a wall on their patio in Carmona, Spain. Their home renovation accidentally revealed a Roman burial chamber with six intact cremation urns. 

One contained a glass perfume bottle with traces of patchouli from India.

This year, analysis of the dark red liquid in another urn revealed the distinctive chemical signatures of white wine (darkened by the passage of time) as well as potassium from the ashes of human bone mixed with it.

A GIF of olive oil splashing as it's being poured

Arts & Culture

The archaeology of olive oil in the ancient world

Wine was an essential offering at Roman funerals – graves and sarcophagi were even equipped with holes and tubes to pour wine for the dead on their birthdays and festivals.

While one of the researchers from the University of Cordoba rejected the opportunity to taste the ancient wine that had “spent 2,000 years in contact with the cremated body of a dead Roman”, his more daring colleague pronounced the flavour “salty”.

Dating back to the 1st century CE – this is the oldest still-liquid wine ever found.

You can find out more about Roman wine in White, Tawny, Blood-red, Black: Wine in the Greek and Roman Worlds, part of the exhibition Ancient Lives at the Old Quad until 7 July, 2025.

Professor Toby Murray walking his golden retriever — Toby Murray walks his family’s golden retriever, earbuds in, fully engrossed. Picture: Supplied

Associate Professor Toby Murray
School of Computing and Information Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology

I listened to: So, I listen to a lot of podcasts. Anyone who lives in the inner north of Melbourne may have seen me walking my family’s golden retriever, earbuds in, fully engrossed.

As a computer scientist, I have a love/hate relationship with many tech and science podcasts: as often as I learn something intriguing, I may find myself frustrated when a podcaster inevitably waters down a scientific explanation for the sake of simplicity.

I was absolutely delighted, however, by The Guardian’s Black Box podcast series, which premiered early in 2024. Black Box explores the rise of AI and what it means for humanity, across seven engaging instalments.

An adult takes a smart device from an angry child

Sciences & Technology

Banning kids from social media? There’s a better way

In one memorable episode, host Michael Safi tracks down the operators of a notorious app that has been used to create deepfake nude images and implicated in high-school harassment cases across the world.

In another, we learn about the rise of AI companion apps, and how they have been used globally to help people tackle grief and loneliness, as well as their downsides.

The series dives deep with AI luminaries including AI godfather and 2024 Nobel Laureate Geoffrey Hinton and concludes by meeting prominent AI “doomer” Eliezer Yudkowsky.

This series is recommended for anyone who is curious about AI and its role in society.

The cover of Lost Connections — Hari explores root causes of the modern epidemic of anxiety and depression. Picture: Bloomsbury Publishing

Dr Sarah Tashjian
Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences

I read: One of the most thought-provoking books I’ve read this year is Lost Connections by British writer Johann Hari. A student recommended the book to me after a discussion on how the structure of today’s society exacerbates feelings of loneliness and disconnectedness.

In the book, Hari explores root causes of the modern epidemic of anxiety and depression, connecting these phenomena to profound social and psychological disconnections rather than chemical imbalances.

Hari argues that ruptures in modern life fuel our mental health crisis. In doing so, he thoughtfully critiques the over-reliance on pharmacological solutions, emphasising that while medication can help some, it often overlooks underlying social causes.

What I appreciated most were Hari’s actionable solutions, which feel both radical and achievable. This book aligns with what I see in my research, highlighting the importance of belonging and purpose as significant drivers of positive mental health.

Health & Medicine

Teen brains are wired to take risks, but that can be a good thing

Perhaps more importantly, it resonated personally with my experience of finding connection to meaningful work and the natural world in my midlife. As a bonus, Hari’s description of loving-kindness meditation and the power of sympathetic joy is beautifully adept.

Dr Mia Cobb
Animal Welfare Science Centre, Faculty of Science

I listened to: Need a break from human-centric media? Umwelt is a brilliantly crafted four-episode podcast that ventures into the minds of some of Earth’s most fascinating creatures.

Think of it as a cognitive safari, where each episode opens a window into how different animals perceive and process their world.

You’ll hear about the perspective of octopuses who might dream and problem-solve with semi-autonomous arms, or mantis shrimp wielding the animal kingdom’s most sophisticated colour vision.

Australian host Ryan Pemberton strikes the perfect balance between scientific depth and captivating storytelling. Leading researchers share groundbreaking insights about their animal subjects with infectious enthusiasm.

Whether they’re decoding whale communications or unravelling the hunting strategies of surprisingly intelligent spiders – each episode transforms complex research into accessible adventures.

Mia Cobb and her staghound — Umwelt ventures into the minds of some of Earth's most fascinating creatures. Picture: Mia Cobb

The production quality shines through carefully crafted sound design that enhances rather than overshadows the content. It’s clear that Pemberton and the Umwelt team understand both the science and the art of great science communication.

Perfect for curious minds and science enthusiasts looking for something fresh this holiday season, Umwelt reminds us that intelligence and consciousness come in remarkably diverse forms.

It’s the kind of listening that changes how you see the world – and the wonderful creatures we share it with.

Ika Trijsburg
Melbourne Centre for Cities, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning

I read: This year has been one of fracturing. Of social fissures deepening and people moving further towards the poles.

Throughout this year, I have returned to poetry. One piece in particular has come up in my thoughts and conversations – Diaspora Blues by Ijeoma Umebinyuo:

So, here you are
too foreign for home
too foreign for here.
Never enough for both.

Footage from a car as it drives through an intense bushfire

Politics & Society

Australia isn’t immune to disaster disinformation

In this global election year, we’ve seen populism rise. We’ve seen inequality and insecurity rise. As well as increasing racism, bigotry and conflict.

We’ve seen the impact of global events on local communities. And we’ve seen emboldened rhetoric of unwelcome, prejudice and hatred.

As a researcher in disinformation, I watched on as anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim riots unfolded in cities and towns across England in July and August. My social media quickly filled with the cries of my friends and acquaintances who were targeted in protests against them and others who might be them.

People who walk between cultures, or whose lives span two cultures – or three, or more. People who feel entirely part of just one culture, one nation until events like this seemingly retract their membership.

This has been echoed throughout the year – groups targeted by disinformation and hatred to suit agendas they have no bearing on. Division sells. And we focus so much on the people wielding the weapons of division.

Ijeoma Umebinyuo’s poem invites us to return to the lived reality of those targeted – their experience and their place. Too foreign everywhere. Never enough.

A graphic of showing large scale language models in cell shapes — A large language model working alone far outperformed all the doctors. Picture: Shutterstock

Associate Professor Grant Blashki
Nossal Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science

I read: A groundbreaking study just published in JAMA that reveals that large language models like ChatGPT are giving doctors a run for their money, raising profound questions about the future of healthcare.

The study compared 50 doctors tackling six challenging but not exceedingly rare, simulated cases – some working with conventional resources versus others using a large language model.

The findings? While there wasn’t much difference between doctors using traditional methods and those with AI support, the extraordinary finding came from a secondary result: the large language model working alone on average far outperformed both groups of doctors.

Unlike typical studies focused solely on diagnostic accuracy, this one dug deeper into clinical reasoning and cognitive processes, making the findings even more compelling.

Before we give up on the medical profession (stick with your doctor please), it’s important to note some limitations. Simulated cases are far tidier than the messy, unpredictable realities of clinical practice, where incomplete information and patient variability challenge even the best algorithms.

Father and son with a female doctor taking notes on the digital tablet

Health & Medicine

Artificial intelligence is changing the way your GP works

As a GP, I find large language models invaluable – not as replacements but as enhancers. They help me challenge my clinical reasoning biases, make connections I might have missed, and avoid me anchoring too strongly to an initial diagnosis.

I believe the future of medicine likely lies in a partnership. Large language models will undoubtedly play a significant role in complex clinical reasoning, but doctors bring irreplaceable strengths in communication, trust and ethical decision-making.

The challenge now is figuring out how to balance these roles to provide the best care for patients in an AI-powered health system.

Associate Professor Lauren Rosewarne
School of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Arts

I watched: For recreation, I’ll always pick corpses. Fresh ones. Stone cold frozen ones. Sometimes even a basement chockful of them.

Add in a grizzled detective battling a litany of personal and professional demons and I’m content. For leisure, I’ll always go to crime-dramas and, ideally, brogues and burrs.

Needless to say, in the books, there are various military manoeuvres on the different planets that increase the power of the Foundation but then an apparent random event outside of the psychohistory predictions leads to a different party becoming powerful.

As in all scientific experiments, it is good to have a backup, and in this case a second Foundation emerges.

Unfortunately, the old and new Foundations seem to disagree (producing inconsistent data and predictions?) and the third option of Gaia emerges (a new adaptive strategy?) that seems to allow for a more harmonious world with both sides considering themselves victorious.

As a biologist working on interactions among microbes and insects, which can swing between mutualistic and parasitic, with the outcomes probably remaining completely unclear to both parties, I could relate to this outcome.

Anyway, I can recommend these books but make allowances for outdated archetypes of the 50s.

Education

BMX teaches a valuable lesson: Success requires hard work and failure

Dr Dave Camilleri
Youth Research Collective, Faculty of Education

I listened to: The Back Bone Zone podcast with Tyson Jones Peni and guest Ross D. Lavender grabbed my attention this year.

In the podcast, Lavender explained the Unscene BMX archive, a comprehensive collection dedicated to preserving the history and culture of BMX in Australia. His passion for ensuring this niche but influential part of Australian sporting heritage is not lost to time was truly inspiring.

Lavender discussed the origins of BMX racing and freestyle in Australia, the rise of iconic competitions and events, and the stories of pioneering riders who helped shape the scene.

Three BMX riders go over a jump together — Lavender discussed the origins of BMX racing and freestyle in Australia. Picture: Getty Images

He highlighted the importance of oral histories and first-hand accounts in filling gaps in the written record.

Lavender’s efforts to track down old videos, zines, photographs and memorabilia demonstrated his passionate approach to archiving.

Overall, the podcast showcased Lavender’s mission to create a lasting legacy for BMX in Australia before memories fade and artifacts are lost forever.

His work ensures future generations can appreciate the origins and evolution of this distinctive culture and pay homage to pioneers of the sport.

This article was first published on Pursuit. Read the original article.

Dr Tamara LewitSchool of Historical and Philosophical Studies, Faculty of Arts

Associate Professor Toby MurraySchool of Computing and Information Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology

Dr Sarah TashjianMelbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences

Dr Mia CobbAnimal Welfare Science Centre, Faculty of Science

Ika TrijsburgMelbourne Centre for Cities, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning

Associate Professor Grant BlashkiNossal Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science

Associate Professor Lauren RosewarneSchool of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Arts

Dr Dave CamilleriYouth Research Collective, Faculty of Education

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