ENIGMA Bipolar Initiative: A Global Study of Imaging Genomics & Clinical Outcomes

Association between polygenic risk for Major Depression and brain structure in a mega-analysis of 50,975 participants across 11 studies

X Shen, YJ Toenders, LKM Han, A Weihs, N Alexander, TFM Andlauer, K Brosch, AJ Forstner, D Grotegerd, T Hahn, M Hermesdorf, N Hosten, H Jamalabadi, S Meinert, Y Milaneschi, PG Sämann, F Stein, A Stolicyn, L Teutenberg, G Thng

2026-02-01

Major Depression (MD) is a prevalent, disabling and life-limiting condition. The neurobiological associations of genetic risk for ..

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Predictors of Relapsing, Recurrent, and Chronic Depression in Young People

SD Tagliaferri, LKM Han, M Khetan, J Nguyen, C Markulev, S Rice, SM Cotton, M Berk, EM Byrne, D Rickwood, CG Davey, P Koval, A Ratheesh, PD McGorry, M Alvarez-Jimenez, L Schmaal

2026-02-01

Objective: Youth depression disrupts the social and vocational transition into adulthood. Most depression burden is caused by recu..

A Scalable Toolkit for Modeling 3D Surface-Based Brain Geometry

Y Im, L Nabulsi, MJY Kang, SI Thomopoulos, AMD Zuluaga, AM Dale, A Karuk, A Di Giorgio, B Mwangi, B Gutman, B Overs, CL Jaramillo, C McDonald, DJ Stein, DM Cannon, D Glahn, D Hidalgo-Mazzei, D Pecheva, D Grotegerd, E Pomarol-Clotet

2026-01-01

3D surface-based computational mapping is more sensitive to localized brain alterations in neurological, developmental and psychia..

Associations between contralesional neuroplasticity and motor impairment through deep learning-derived MRI regional brain age in chronic stroke (ENIGMA): a multicohort, retrospective, observational study

G Park, MH Khan, JW Andrushko, N Banaj, MR Borich, LA Boyd, A Brodtmann, TR Brown, CM Buetefisch, AB Conforto, SC Cramer, M Dimyan, M Domin, MR Donnelly, N Egorova-Brumley, ER Ermer, W Feng, F Geranmayeh, CA Hanlon, B Hordacre

2026-01-01

BackgroundStroke leads to complex chronic structural and functional brain changes that specifically affect motor outcomes. The bra..

Childhood Maltreatment and Deviations From Normative Brain Structure: A Mega-Analysis of 3711 Individuals From the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder and ENIGMA Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Working Groups

HR Wang, ZQ Liu, E Pozzi, A Hussain, P Sigar, C Abdallah, N Alexander, J Baker, J Bauer, JU Blackford, J Cisler, CG Connolly, A Cotton, J Daniels, U Dannlowski, M Densmore, T deRoon-Cassini, D Dima, S Du Plessis, A Etkin

2026-01-01

Background Childhood maltreatment (CM), encompassing abuse and neglect, is highly prevalent and associated with elevated risk for ..

Cortical morphometry might predict currently prescribed vs. discontinued medications in bipolar disorder, even after controlling for the cumulative dose effects: An ENIGMA mega-analysis

L Fortea, MÁ Rivas-Fernández, A Solanes, S King, L Nabulsi, M Alda, N Alexander, J Bauer, F Benedetti, T Borgers, B Bravi, I Bollettini, EJ Canales-Rodríguez, DM Cannon, U Dannlowski, A Di Giorgio, K Flinkenflügel, P Fuentes-Claramonte, L Furlong, IH Gotlib

2026-01-01

Recent research suggests that brain anatomy may help identify the most effective pharmacological treatment for each individual wit..

Psychotropic medications and their interactions with subcortical brain volume in bipolar disorder: An ENIGMA mega-analysis

S King, J O’Connor, E Corley, G Tronchin, E Fontana, L Nabulsi, MJY Kang, J Radua, B Hallahan, C Abé, M Alda, D Alnæs, S Alonso-Lana, S Amoretti, J Bauer, F Benedetti, K Berger, M Berk, E Bøen, J Böhnlein

2026-01-01

MRI studies in bipolar disorder (BD) have yielded inconsistent findings, partly due to the varied use of psychotropic medications...

Regional brain morphology and current antidepressant use: findings from 32 international cohorts from the ENIGMA major depressive disorder working group

C Serrarens, YJ Toenders, E Pozzi, A Aleman, N Alexander, Z Başgöze, V Belov, K Berger, K Brosch, R Bülow, GF Busatto, LP Capitão, CG Connolly, B Couvy-Duchesne, KR Cullen, U Dannlowski, CG Davey, GI de Zubicaray, D Dima, K Dohm

2025-12-01

The understanding of how antidepressant (AD) use is associated with brain structure in individuals with major depressive disorder ..

Transdiagnostic alterations in white matter microstructure associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviours in the ENIGMA Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours consortium

LS van Velzen, L Colic, Z Ceja, MR Dauvermann, LM Villa, HS Savage, YJ Toenders, N Dehestani, AH Zhu, AI Campos, LE Salminen, M Alda, I Agartz, N Alexander, R Ayesa-Arriola, ED Ballard, N Banaj, C Barkhau, Z Başgöze, J Bauer

2025-12-01

Previous studies have suggested that alterations in white matter (WM) microstructure are implicated in suicidal thoughts and behav..

Penetrance of Neurodevelopmental Copy Number Variants Is Associated With Variations in Cortical Morphology.

Ana I Silva, Ida E Sønderby, George Kirov, Abdel Abdellaoui, Ingrid Agartz, David Ames, Nicola J Armstrong, Eric Artiges, Tobias Banaschewski, Anne S Bassett, Carrie E Bearden, John Blangero, Rune Boen, Dorret I Boomsma, Robin Bülow, Nancy J Butcher, Vince Calhoun, Linda E Campbell, Eva WC Chow, Simone Ciufolini

2025-10-01

BACKGROUND: Copy number variants (CNVs) may increase the risk for neurodevelopmental conditions. The neurobiological mechanisms th..

Estimating the longitudinal association between pain characteristics and clinical outcomes in young people with mental ill-health

VA Oosterwijk, CX Gao, J Menssink, J Nguyen, K Filia, AE Watson, H Herrman, SE Hetrick, AG Parker, IB Hickie, D Rickwood, PD McGorry, SM Cotton, L Schmaal, SD Tagliaferri

2025-07-30

Background. Mental ill-health has a major impact on young people, with pain often co-occurring. We estimated the prevalence and im..

White matter microstructure in obesity and bipolar disorders: an ENIGMA bipolar disorder working group study in 2186 individuals

LMF Dietze, SR McWhinney, P Favre, C Abé, N Alexander, C Barkhau, F Benedetti, M Berk, E Bøen, B Boye, K Brosch, EJ Canales-Rodríguez, DM Cannon, SP Carruthers, ELV Corkum, U Dannlowski, AM Díaz-Zuluaga, K Dohm, T Elvsåshagen, K Flinkenflügel

2025-05-01

Although specific risk factors for brain alterations in bipolar disorders (BD) are currently unknown, obesity impacts the brain an..

Dissecting heterogeneity in cortical thickness abnormalities in major depressive disorder: a large-scale ENIGMA MDD normative modelling study.

JMM Bayer, LS van Velzen, E Pozzi, C Davey, LKM Han, SEEC Bauduin, J Bauer, F Benedetti, K Berger, LM Bonnekoh, K Brosch, R Bülow, B Couvy-Duchesne, KR Cullen, U Dannlowski, D Dima, K Dohm, JW Evans, CHY Fu, P Fuentes-Claramonte

2025-03-18

IMPORTANCE: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly heterogeneous, with marked individual differences in clinical presentation a..

Predicting Antidepressant Treatment Response From Cortical Structure on MRI: A Mega-Analysis From the ENIGMA-MDD Working Group

MG Poirot, DE Boucherie, MWA Caan, R Goya-Maldonado, V Belov, E Corruble, R Colle, B Couvy-Duchesne, T Kamishikiryo, H Shinzato, N Ichikawa, G Okada, Y Okamoto, BJ Harrison, CG Davey, AJ Jamieson, KR Cullen, Z Başgöze, B Klimes-Dougan, BA Mueller

2025-01-01

Accurately predicting individual antidepressant treatment response could expedite the lengthy trial-and-error process of finding a..

Principal component analysis as an efficient method for capturing multivariate brain signatures of complex disorders—ENIGMA study in people with bipolar disorders and obesity

SR McWhinney, J Hlinka, E Bakstein, LMF Dietze, ELV Corkum, C Abé, M Alda, N Alexander, F Benedetti, M Berk, E Bøen, LM Bonnekoh, B Boye, K Brosch, EJ Canales-Rodríguez, DM Cannon, U Dannlowski, C Demro, A Diaz-Zuluaga, T Elvsåshagen

2024-06-01

Multivariate techniques better fit the anatomy of complex neuropsychiatric disorders which are characterized not by alterations in..

8. The Relationship Between Treatment, Symptom Severity, and Brain Connectivity in Bipolar Disorder: An International Study Across 16 Enigma-Bipolar Sites

Leila Nabulsi, Melody JY Kang, Neda Jahanshad, Benno Haarman, Colm McDonald, Dan Stein, David Glahn, Edith Pomarol-Clotet, Eduard Vieta, Josselin Houenou, Pauline Favre, Mircea Polosan, Paolo Brambilla, Marcella Bellani, Philip B Mitchell, Udo Dannlowski, Michèle Wessa, Mary Phillips, Tilo Kircher, Paul M Thompson

2024-05-01

Brain deficit patterns of metabolic illnesses overlap with those for major depressive disorder: A new metric of brain metabolic disease

KS Hatch, S Gao, Y Ma, A Russo, N Jahanshad, PM Thompson, BM Adhikari, H Bruce, A Van der Vaart, A Sotiras, MD Kvarta, TE Nichols, L Schmaal, LE Hong, P Kochunov

2023-04-15

Metabolic illnesses (MET) are detrimental to brain integrity and are common comorbidities in patients with mental illnesses, inclu..

Cross disorder comparisons of brain structure in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A review of ENIGMA findings

EJ Cheon, CE Bearden, D Sun, CRK Ching, OA Andreassen, L Schmaal, DJ Veltman, SI Thomopoulos, P Kochunov, N Jahanshad, PM Thompson, JA Turner, TGM van Erp

2022-05-01

This review compares the main brain abnormalities in schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), a..

Cortical thickness across the lifespan: Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3–90 years

S Frangou, A Modabbernia, SCR Williams, E Papachristou, GE Doucet, I Agartz, M Aghajani, TN Akudjedu, A Albajes-Eizagirre, D Alnæs, KI Alpert, M Andersson, NC Andreasen, OA Andreassen, P Asherson, T Banaschewski, N Bargallo, S Baumeister, R Baur-Streubel, A Bertolino

2022-01-01

Delineating the association of age and cortical thickness in healthy individuals is critical given the association of cortical thi..

ENIGMA-DTI: Translating reproducible white matter deficits into personalized vulnerability metrics in cross-diagnostic psychiatric research

P Kochunov, LE Hong, EL Dennis, RA Morey, DF Tate, EA Wilde, M Logue, S Kelly, G Donohoe, P Favre, J Houenou, CRK Ching, L Holleran, OA Andreassen, LS van Velzen, L Schmaal, JE Villalón-Reina, CE Bearden, F Piras, G Spalletta

2022-01-01

The ENIGMA-DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) workgroup supports analyses that examine the effects of psychiatric, neurological, and d..

Greater male than female variability in regional brain structure across the lifespan

LM Wierenga, GE Doucet, D Dima, I Agartz, M Aghajani, TN Akudjedu, A Albajes-Eizagirre, D Alnæs, KI Alpert, OA Andreassen, A Anticevic, P Asherson, T Banaschewski, N Bargallo, S Baumeister, R Baur-Streubel, A Bertolino, A Bonvino, DI Boomsma, S Borgwardt

2022-01-01

For many traits, males show greater variability than females, with possible implications for understanding sex differences in heal..

Intelligence, educational attainment, and brain structure in those at familial high-risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder

SMC de Zwarte, RM Brouwer, I Agartz, M Alda, S Alonso-Lana, CE Bearden, A Bertolino, A Bonvino, E Bramon, EEL Buimer, W Cahn, EJ Canales-Rodríguez, DM Cannon, TD Cannon, X Caseras, J Castro-Fornieles, Q Chen, Y Chung, E De la Serna, C del Mar Bonnin

2022-01-01

First-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ-FDRs) show similar patterns of brain abnormalities and cogniti..

Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3–90 years

D Dima, A Modabbernia, E Papachristou, GE Doucet, I Agartz, M Aghajani, TN Akudjedu, A Albajes-Eizagirre, D Alnæs, KI Alpert, M Andersson, NC Andreasen, OA Andreassen, P Asherson, T Banaschewski, N Bargallo, S Baumeister, R Baur-Streubel, A Bertolino, A Bonvino

2022-01-01

Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted..