Orientational aspects of antibody immobilization and immunological activity on quartz crystal micro balance electrodes

Abstract

The resonant frequency shift of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been used to monitor the immobilization of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and anti-IgG antibodies onto unmodified and modified gold QCM electrodes. IgG and anti-IgG antibodies have been immobilized onto the gold QCM surfaces by four separate methods. First, the antibodies were immobilized directly onto unmodified gold QCM surfaces by physical adsorption. Second, 12-mercaptododecan-1-ol was reacted with the gold surface, and after reaction with bromoacetic acid, the antibodies were coupled to the thiolated surface using a water soluble carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide. Third, the antibodies were modified by the..