Journal article
Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses
M Di Cesare, YH Khang, P Asaria, T Blakely, MJ Cowan, F Farzadfar, R Guerrero, N Ikeda, C Kyobutungi, KP Msyamboza, S Oum, JW Lynch, MG Marmot, M Ezzati
Lancet | ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC | Published : 2013
Abstract
In most countries, people who have a low socioeconomic status and those who live in poor or marginalised communities have a higher risk of dying from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) than do more advantaged groups and communities. Smoking rates, blood pressure, and several other NCD risk factors are often higher in groups with low socioeconomic status than in those with high socioeconomic status; the social gradient also depends on the country's stage of economic development, cultural factors, and social and health policies. Social inequalities in risk factors account for more than half of inequalities in major NCDs, especially for cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer. People in low-incom..
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Awarded by Wellcome Trust
Funding Acknowledgements
MJC is a staff member of WHO. The author alone is responsible for the views expressed in this publication and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of WHO. We thank June Atkinson and Peter Hambly for data, analysis, and methods related to mortality in England and New Zealand; Jorge Duarte for analysis of risk factors in Colombia; and Robert Beaglehole, Ruth Bonita, Pascal Bovet, Shah Ebrahim, Christopher Millett, participants in The Lancet Non-Communicable Disease Series review meetings, and anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on earlier drafts. PA is supported by a Wellcome Trust Clinical PhD Fellowship. TB is supported by the Health Research Council of New Zealand. NI is supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. CK is supported by a Wellcome Trust research training fellowship. JL is supported by an Australia Fellowship awarded by the National Health and Medical Research Council. ME is supported by a Strategic Award from the UK Medical Research Council and by the National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. Analysis of data from England was done by the Small Area Health Statistics Units, funded by the Health Protection Agency in England as part of the Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health at Imperial College London.