Visual occlusion during minimally invasive surgery: A contemporary review of methods to reduce laparoscopic and robotic lens fogging and other sources of optical loss

Abstract

Background: Maintenance of optimal vision during minimally invasive surgery is crucial to maintaining operative awareness, efficiency, and safety. Hampered vision is commonly caused by laparoscopic lens fogging (LLF), which has prompted the development of various antifogging fluids and warming devices. However, limited comparative evidence exists in contemporary literature. Despite technologic advancements there remains no consensus as to superior methods to prevent LLF or restore visual acuity once LLF has occurred. We performed a review of literature to present the current body of evidence supporting the use of numerous techniques. Methods: A standardized Preferred Reporting Items for Syst..