Reappraising the stereotypes of diabetes in the modern diabetogenic environment

Abstract

The prevailing concentration of blood glucose is a result of the integrated regulation of insulin secretion and insulin action. Nevertheless, the classic stereotypes of diabetes are dichotomous: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is attributed to impaired insulin secretion, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is primarily attributed to impaired insulin action (insulin resistance). The available evidence indicates that this view is overly simplistic. Impaired insulin secretion (beta-cell dysfunction) is also a feature of T2DM, and insulin resistance is also a risk factor for the development of T1DM. Moreover, with the increasing incidence of T2DM and T1DM in both developed and developing countri..