Cross-cultural measurement invariance of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire across 33 countries

Abstract

Cross-cultural invariance of personality measurement provides important information regarding the universality of personality traits. With the recent release of historical data from 33 countries on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) the opportunity arose to test the invariance of the three personality dimensions measured by the EPQ, together with the response set scale. Although the factor structure of the EPQ has been much studied in previous decades, there was a need to validate the previously reported four-factor structure using modern factor analytic techniques. As anticipated, both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis provided unsatisfactory models, for different reason..