A simplified Sanger sequencing method for full genome sequencing of multiple subtypes of human influenza A viruses

Abstract

Background: Full genome sequencing of influenza A viruses (IAV), including those that arise from annual influenza epidemics, is undertaken to determine if reassorting has occurred or if other pathogenic traits are present. Traditionally IAV sequencing has been biased toward the major surface glycoproteins haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, while the internal genes are often ignored. Despite the development of next generation sequencing (NGS), many laboratories are still reliant on conventional Sanger sequencing to sequence IAV. Objectives: To develop a minimal and robust set of primers for Sanger sequencing of the full genome of IAV currently circulating in humans. Study design: A set of 13 p..