Developments of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) for water analysis: A review

Abstract

Water pollution is a serious environmental problem affecting millions of people, and the demand for frequent water quality monitoring is increasing. The need for analytical platforms that combine high sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy with low cost, portability and user friendliness remains a challenge. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) are recognised as a powerful analytical platform that can satisfy these requirements. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed overview of the μPADs that have been developed for the determination of important water quality parameters, such as nutrients, metals and organic contaminants, in a range of waters. A description of the fa..