Photographic response to x-ray irradiation. I: Estimation of the photographic error statistic and development of analytic density-intensity equations

Abstract

Formulations for specular optical density as a function of incident x-ray intensity are shown to be inadequate, theoretically and compared with available data. Approximations assuming low intensities, grain densities, or energies yield significant error in typical emulsions. Unjustifiable simplifications limit analysis and consequent results. The avoidance of assumptions leads to models for rough and smooth emulsion surfaces, which correspond to Kodak 101-01 and DEF-392 emulsion types. The self-consistent use of spherical grains yields scaling that is dependent on emulsion roughness. We obtained improvement over standard formulations, avoiding the empirical character of earlier models and as..