INSTRUCTION BASED ON FEEDBACK

Abstract

There is a preponderance of evidence that feedback is a powerful influence in the development of learning outcomes. Two findings from the many meta-analyses of the effects of feedback are most fascinating — the average effects of feedback are among the highest we know in education, and feedback effects are among the most variable in their influences. From a review of 12 meta-analyses that have included specific information on feedback in classrooms (based on 196 studies and 6972 effect-sizes), the average effectsize was d = .79, which is twice the average effect (Hattie, 2009). This places feedback among the top 10 influences on achievement. The variance of effects, however, was considerable..