Angiotensin II and Its Role in Tubular Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Activation of the intra-renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the subsequent generation of angiotensin II (Ang II) are important mediators of haemodynamic changes in both health and disease. However, the effects of locally produced Ang II are not limited to haemodynamic actions. Ang II is also an important stimulus for tubular hypertrophy with the induction of growth factors, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β(1) and connective tissue growth factor. In this article, we explore the direct pro-fibrotic effects of Ang II and its role in inducing tubular epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT, also known as type 2 EMT), a known mediator of renal fibrogenesis. There is accumulatin..