Surplus power factor as a resilience measure for assessing hydraulic reliability in water transmission system optimization

Abstract

The hydraulic reliability of a water distribution system (WDS) can be improved by increasing the resilience to failure conditions. In previous research, numerous measures have been developed to quantify network resilience, which has been consequently linked to the hydraulic reliability of WDSs. Often, the difference between the output pressure head and the minimum required pressure head is required in the calculation of these network resilience measures. Difficulties arise when these measures are applied to water transmission systems (WTSs). The reason for this is that in a WTS, water is often pumped into a storage tank or reservoir, in which case the difference between the output pressure h..