Building-to-grid flexibility: Modelling and assessment metrics for residential demand response from heat pump aggregations

Abstract

Increased flexibility has been identified as a key requirement in future power systems. Much flexibility could be provided by energy vectors other than electricity. In particular heat may be a valuable source of flexibility, as electrification of space and water heating introduces highly flexible resources such as electric heat pumps. However, current methods for assessing aggregated demand side flexibility, particularly from residential buildings, may not be adequate given the variety of different grid services that flexibility may be used to provide to different stakeholders, and considering relevant comfort constraints. On these bases, in this work several metrics, relevant to different s..