Journal article
Relationships between intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and timing of smoking with age at menopause: A pooled analysis of individual data from 17 observational studies
D Zhu, HF Chung, N Pandeya, AJ Dobson, JE Cade, DC Greenwood, SL Crawford, NE Avis, EB Gold, ES Mitchell, NF Woods, D Anderson, DE Brown, LL Sievert, EJ Brunner, D Kuh, R Hardy, K Hayashi, JS Lee, H Mizunuma Show all
Plos Medicine | PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE | Published : 2018
Abstract
Background: Cigarette smoking is associated with earlier menopause, but the impact of being a former smoker and any dose-response relationships on the degree of smoking and age at menopause have been less clear. If the toxic impact of cigarette smoking on ovarian function is irreversible, we hypothesized that even former smokers might experience earlier menopause, and variations in intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and age at start/quit of smoking might have varying impacts on the risk of experiencing earlier menopause. Methods and findings: A total of 207,231 and 27,580 postmenopausal women were included in the cross-sectional and prospective analyses, respectively. They were from 17 st..
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Awarded by Medical Research Council
Funding Acknowledgements
InterLACE project is funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council project grant (APP1027196), URL: https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/. GDM is supported by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Principal Research Fellowship (APP1121844). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.