Surface Roughness Effects Studies in Transportation Industries

Abstract

Aerodynamic and skin friction effects are two main factors determining fuel efficiencies in the transportation industry. In any of transportation areas, either road transport, railway, maritime or aerospace, fuel efficiency has become interesting and sometimes sensitive topics. Data were from experimental studies, simulations as well as news and discussions in engineering bulletinsdanfuel efficiency, i. e. skin friction. Studies in skin friction are very important because skin friction drag account the majority of drag in a streamlined body e. g. tankers. The use of biomimetic, i. e. the study of the structures and functions of biological systems in the design of engineering systems has attr..