Advances in neuromuscular electrical stimulation for the upper limb post-stroke

Abstract

Objectives: To review current and explore future applications of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to restore or retrain upper limb (UL) recovery after stroke. Methods: Short summaries of NMES applications that have been investigated and a discussion of future research directions are presented. Results: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation applications that have been developed and investigated to restore or retrain UL recovery after stroke include: cyclic NMES; triggered NMES which includes electromyogram-triggered NMES (EMG-NMES), positional feedback NMES, contralateral-triggered NMES, outcome-triggered NMES and accelerometer-triggered NMES; iterative learning control mediated NME..