Future perspectives on immune-related treatments

Abstract

The complexities of immune-inflammatory signaling pathways within the brain in psychiatric disorders, particularly in inflammation-associated depressive symptoms, have been documented extensively. Various immune changes such as the morphological alterations in glial cells; change in the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and T- and B-cell subsets; and increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids have been heavily researched. While research on basic principles and mechanisms has extensively increased our knowledge in the area, relatively little progress has been made toward the identification of immune-based biomarkers. Immune-based biomarkers have rarely been explored to be used ..