Cavitational activity in heterogeneous systems containing fine particles

Abstract

Ultrasound has been increasingly used in various processes containing a variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. For largescale applications, a high energy efficiency of the process is required. With this view, the calorimetric energy and cavitational activity measurements were carried out in heterogeneous systems consisting of both liquid and solid phases (fine particles) in a 28-kHz double-bath sonoreactor. Ultrasonic soil washing for the remediation of clay-sized soils (∼75 µm), contaminated with metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn), was used as a case study. As the liquid height/volume in the inner vessel increased under the same input electrical power, the inner vessel calorimetric energy a..