A comprehensive review of selected biological armor systems – from structure-function to bio-mimetic techniques

Abstract

This paper explores several lamellar structures found in nature, which have been shown to possess superior armor systems. In particular, the hard armor systems of nacre and conch shells, and the flexible armor system of fish scales are the focus of this review due to their high relevance to the protective structural engineering discipline. The structure–function relationships that govern the superior mechanical performance of these systems are attributed to their well-organized composite hierarchical structures. The paper also reviews advancements in additive manufacturing techniques for proof-of-concept prototyping, as well as advanced modeling techniques that have been employed to capture ..