Effects of urban forms on energy consumption of water supply in China

Abstract

More than half of the energy consumed for urban water utilities is for the water supply system (including water distribution and secondary water supply systems). Urban form (defined as city shapes and population distribution) is found to have significant impacts on energy used by the water supply system. This study aimed to explore the integrated impacts of urban forms on energy consumption for water supply by employing empirical analysis methods and virtual city modeling. In total, three types of city shapes (i.e. radial, grid and satellite) and three types of population distributions (i.e. uniform, monocentric and polycentric) were identified. The results reveal that population distributio..