The lean city: Citizen as producer, consumer, product

Abstract

The world is urbanizing rapidly. In 1950 the urban population stood at 751 million. In 2018, it was 4.2 billion-55% of the world's population. The Population Division of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs predicts that by 2050, 2.5 billion people will have been added to the urban population, for a total of 6.7 billion, representing 68% of the world population. Sustainable development depends increasingly on the successfulmanagement of this urban growth(World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision [Key Facts], 2018). A complicating factor is that urban structure is inelastic. Transport corridors, property lines, and buildings are all long-lived objects. Urban development deci..