An integrated method for groundwater vulnerability assessment using a DRASTICL model and a green algae ecotoxicity test

Abstract

The world population could reach 9.8 billion by the year 2050 (UN, 2019). The rising world population presents the challenge of water and food security for human development. As a result, excessive use of agricultural chemicals (both fertilisers and pesticides) which in most cases are toxic not only for the humankind but also for the environment, is putting significant stress on the groundwater levels and the water quality. Groundwater (GW) pollution from agriculture is particularly significant in partially and totally groundwater-dependent ecosystems, as these ecosystems provide habitat for various endangered flora and fauna. Even though the importance of GW systems is well recognised, grou..