Multi-objective optimisation for multi-residential building retrofit: A method and an application

Abstract

The building sector has been at the centre of the environmental protection policies of the European Union (EU). This is mainly due to its high energy consumption (40% of the total) among the EU Members. Residential buildings are responsible for two-thirds of that amount. Recently, the European Commission set radical targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 (50-55% reduction compared with 1990 levels) and 2050 (climate neutrality) and the building sector, especially the existing building stock, is expected to play a critical role in achieving those goals. Special consideration should be given to multi-residential buildings. Compared to other building types, they hav..