Improving performance of additive manufactured (3D printed) concrete: A review on material mix design, processing, interlayer bonding, and reinforcing methods

Abstract

The application of additively manufactured, 3D printed concrete in the construction industry has been gaining attention in recent years. 3D concrete printing (3DCP) has potentials for mass customisation, and off-site and rapid manufacturing of complex structural and architectural components. However, 3DCP has many challenges such as competing rheological requirements, weak interlayer bonding, difficulty in integrating reinforcement, and anisotropic material behaviour. Therefore, material properties of printed concrete are often inferior to traditional mould cast and leading to poor structural performance. Thus, satisfying performance criteria for structural applications is the key challenge ..