Microvesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells: Potent organelles for induction of tolerogenic signaling

Abstract

Generation and maintenance of immunological tolerance is a pivotal aim in the field of autoimmunity. Regulatory molecules of Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1), galectin-1 and TGF-β are described as key mediators of peripheral tolerance that actively suppress auto-reactive cells and inhibit their mediated tissue damages. Accordingly, biological intervention in host immune system for induction of peripheral tolerance is pivot to many of the recent studies. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles (MVs) are viewed as potential mediators to shed peripheral tolerance toward auto-reactive cells via bearing of tolerogenic molecules. Here, MVs were isolated from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) cultur..