From security to resilience: Technical and regulatory options to manage extreme events in low-carbon grids

Abstract

Extreme events are increasingly affecting power systems worldwide, calling for new and effective ways to deal with these so-called high-impact, lowprobability (HILP) events. The situation is exacerbated by a transition to low-carbon grids. These systems are dominated by inverter-based resources, including different types of variable renewable energy (VRE) sources and distributed energy resources (DERs), and are characterized by higher operational uncertainty and a risk profile that is correspondingly difficult to assess.