Advances in the Surface Functionalization of Nanodiamonds for Biological Applications: A Review

Abstract

Nanodiamonds (NDs) represent an emerging class of nanomaterials that have been used for a variety of applications including biosensing and imaging, drug delivery, energy storage and conversion, and quantum sensing. Many of these application areas require precise control over their ND surface properties to maximize and/or enhance the interaction between the particles and their surrounding environment. In this contribution, we review recent advances in the surface functionalization techniques of NDs with an emphasis on the biological applications of the material.