Combined lifestyle factors, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Abstract

Introduction Unhealthy lifestyles caused a huge disease burden. Adopting healthy lifestyles is the most cost-effective strategy for preventing non-communicable diseases. The aim was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the relationship of combined lifestyle factors (eg, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet and overweight/obesity) with the risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods PubMed and EMBASE were searched from inception to April 2019. Cohort studies investigating the association between the combination of at least three lifestyle factors and all-cause mortality, cardiovascu..