Inexpensive 3D Printed Trainer for Combined Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery and Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Abstract

Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) are technically challenging endourologic procedures with a steep learning curve for trainees. 1 Teaching these skills has presented a demanding challenge for surgical educators, because of the lack of appropriate training simulators. 2 When both techniques are combined for complex stone cases, the difficulties in teaching the required psychomotor skills are compounded. To overcom..