The Translation and Commercialisation of Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Disease—A Review

Abstract

As a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, cardiovascular disease and its diagnosis, quantification, and stratification remain significant health issues. Increasingly, patients present with cardiovascular disease in the absence of known risk factors, suggesting the presence of yet unrecognized pathological processes and disease predispositions. Fortunately, a host of emerging cardiovascular biomarkers characterizing and quantifying ischaemic heart disease have shown great promise in both laboratory settings and clinical trials. These have demonstrated improved predictive value additional to widely accepted biomarkers as well as providing insight into molecular phenotypes beneat..