Pneumonia

Abstract

Pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality globally. It is a leading cause of death in all age groups, with the vast majority of these deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has raised global awareness of pneumonia. Risk factors affecting the incidence and outcome of pneumonia include extremes of age, poor nutrition, immunosuppression, environmental exposures and socioeconomic determinants. Pneumonia can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, and the etiology varies by epidemiological setting, comorbidities and whether the pneumonia is community-acquired or hospital-acquired. Viral etiologies now pre..