Review and assessment of 3D spatial data models for managing underground utility networks

Abstract

3D spatial data models are essential in city modelling, providing detailed and accurate representations of urban environments. However, underground urban spaces pose significant challenges for these data models, especially in managing underground utility networks. While most current data models primarily represent city objects, only a few are designed to specifically model utility networks. Data models lacking initial utility network support have often been later extended with specialised modules to include these networks. This paper evaluates the benefits and limitations of current data models in representing underground utility networks. It begins by identifying and categorising essential ..