Underemployment and mental health amongst working-age Australians: A gendered analysis using the HILDA survey (2002-2022)

Abstract

Underemployment is an increasingly persistent and pervasive feature of contemporary labour markets and there is some evidence to suggest that underemployment is an important social determinant of health and well-being. However, the evidence base has tended to focus on hours-based underemployment more than others like skills-based underemployment. Moreover, the gendered dimensions of underemployment remain under-researched despite evidence to suggest that women are more likely to be underemployed. Drawing on 21 annual waves (2002-22) of data from the Household, Income, Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, this longitudinal study employed Mundlak modelling to examine the association between tw..