Utilizing the BIM-based standard for supporting 3D digital representation of legal spaces in major infrastructure projects

Abstract

Major infrastructure projects, such as tunnels, roads, and railways, present critical challenges for land administration due to multi-level spatial complexity, stratified ownership rights, and complex spatial relationships. Traditional 2D methods cannot adequately capture these complexities, and existing 3D models remain focused on buildings, lacking the capability to represent the physical and legal dimensions of infrastructure projects. A BIM-based approach offers an enhanced 3D representation of legal spaces, interoperability, lifecycle data integration, and the ability to unify physical and legal data. This paper aims to utilize the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), which is the open B..