Journal article
A Consensus Taxonomy of Altered (Nonordinary) States of Consciousness: Bringing Order to Disarray
E Cardeña, A Berkovich-Ohana, K Valli, P Barttfeld, A Gomez-Marin, B Greyson, VK Kumar, S Laureys, TM Luhrmann, A Newberg, KH Preller, FW Putnam, E Tagliazucchi, R Walsh, O Carter, D Yaden
Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice | Published : 2025
DOI: 10.1037/cns0000431
Abstract
This article presents a taxonomy of altered states of consciousness, primarily based on their central phenomenological features. Following taxonomic principles and a modified Delphi methodology, a multidisciplinary, international group identified eight distinct phenomenological/behavioral states (some with subcategories): proto and transitional, delirium, minimal to no awareness, experiential detachment, enhanced physicality, altered identity, imaginary/fantasy/visionary, and unity/mystical. We hope this taxonomy will be discussed and developed further, fostering conceptual clarity and stimulating research and integration across different specializations. A nuanced discussion of different st..
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