ADHD and Sex Hormones in Females: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Objective: ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with elevated symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Symptoms of ADHD typically persist into adulthood and can impair functioning and overall quality of life. In females (including women and people assigned female at birth), ADHD is under-recognized, and knowledge about the relationship between ADHD symptoms and sex hormones is lacking. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the current evidence investigating the relationship between ADHD symptoms (including medication effects) and sex hormones in females. Method: Searches were conducted within Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO from 1980 to January 2025. Includ..