Food, Built and Socio-Economic Environments and Maternal–Infant Outcomes: A Geospatial and Structural Equation Modelling of 163 000 Births

Abstract

Objectives: To examine the combined influence of food environment, built environment, socio-economic status and individual factors (maternal age, parity, smoking status and need for an interpreter) on maternal overweight, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and large-for-gestational age (LGA) births in Australia. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Melbourne, Australia. Population: 163 760 singleton pregnancies/births. Main Outcomes Measures: Primary outcomes: maternal overweight, GDM and LGA births. Methods: Structural equation modelling (SEM) assessed direct and indirect associations, with maternal overweight as a mediator. LCA was used to classify risk variation across socio-econ..