Bioengineered MXene–Polymer–Metal Composites: From Synthesis and Structure to Multimodal Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications

Abstract

MXenes are an emerging class of 2D nanomaterials known for their exceptional electronic conductivity, hydrophilicity, surface reactivity, and mechanical robustness. Despite the growing body of research, a unified understanding of their structure–property relationships, functionalization strategies, and translational potential remain incomplete. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the synthesis and surface engineering of MXene nanostructures, emphasizing biocompatible and biologically relevant fabrication methods. We explore MXene composites integrated with polymers and metal/metal oxide heterostructures, highlighting their functional versatility and synergetic..