Efficient bidirectional charge scheduling for electric vehicles: Optimizing cost and carbon emissions

Abstract

Modern Electric Vehicles (EVs) support two-way energy flow, allowing vehicles to both draw power from and supply power to the grid (Vehicle-to-Grid, or V2G). This capability helps reduce carbon emissions and save costs for both EV owners and the grid. The success of V2G systems relies on real-time sensor data from EVs, charging stations, and grid infrastructure, which enable precise monitoring of battery state-of-charge (SoC), grid load, and renewable energy availability. EV owners can charge using renewable energy and discharge surplus energy when renewables are unavailable, taking advantage of lower rates during off-peak hours and selling excess power back during peak demand. Existing work..