Models of Oral Epithelial Dysplasia: A Systematic Review and Temporal Analysis

Abstract

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the head and neck, associated with substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) can precede OSCC, offering a critical window for preventive and therapeutic intervention. This review maps the historical and current landscape of in vitro and in vivo models of OED, providing insight into their strengths, limitations, and translational relevance. Methods: A systematic review and temporal analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines, with literature searches performed across Medline, EMBASE, EBM Reviews, and Web of Science. Results: From 4009 records, 292 studies from 26 count..