Design of Water Distribution Systems with Behind-the-Meter Solar under Uncertainty: Joint Impact of Optimization Approaches and Robustness Metrics

Abstract

Water distribution systems (WDSs) are critical water infrastructure for a reliable water supply. To reduce dependence on centralized electricity grids and lower greenhouse gas emissions, behind-the-meter (BTM) solar photovoltaic systems are increasingly installed as supplementary energy sources for WDSs. A robust WDS design integrating BTM solar systems that can perform consistently under uncertain future conditions is essential to maintain future water supply reliability. There are different approaches to achieving a robust design, including postoptimization robustness evaluation (PORE) and a robust optimization (RO) approach, both of which rely on the use of a robustness metric to evaluate..