Is "friction" responsible for the reduction of fusion rates far below the Coulomb barrier?

Abstract

The fusion of two interacting heavy ions traditionally has been interpreted in terms of the penetration of the projectile into the target. Observed rates well below the Coulomb barrier are considerably lower than estimates obtained from penetration factors. One approach in the analysis of the data invokes coupling to nonelastic channels in the scattering as the source of the depletion. Another is to analyze those data in terms of tunneling in semiclassical models, with the observed depletion being taken as evidence of a "friction" under the barrier. A complementary approach is to consider such tunneling in terms of a fully quantal model. We investigate tunneling with both one-dimensional and..