Substernal epicardial echocardiography: A recommended examination sequence and clinical evaluation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Abstract

Background Substernal epicardial echocardiography is a novel echocardiography window, utilizing a modified mediastinal drain incorporating a sleeve for the insertion of a transesophageal echocardiography probe. Methods Forty-six patients undergoing cardiac surgery from two institutions were evaluated, and an examination sequence was developed. Results An 11-view examination is presented as a consensus between the two institutions. In clinical usage, there were no major complications attributable to use of the device. Minor air leaks occurred in 6 patients, and 2 cases of sternal wound infection occurring in a cluster of infections are reported, but causation was not attributed to use of the ..