A systematic review of prevalence and risk factors associated with playing-related musculoskeletal disorders in pianists

Abstract

Background: Playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) are a recognized problem amongst instrumental musicians. Although pianists are prominent in data regarding prevalence of PRMDs, there is poor understanding of piano-specific risk factors associated with PRMDs. Aim: To synthesize published literature on the prevalence of and risk factors associated with PRMDs in pianists. Methods: Thirty-eight databases were searched. Eligible studies were those investigating prevalence of or risk factors associated with PRMDs in pianists, using an appropriate methodology according to a hierarchy of evidence. Information regarding study population, operational definition of PRMD, risk factors inves..