The role of educational attainment in refraction: The genes in myopia (GEM) twin study

Abstract

Purpose. Educational attainment has been proposed as one of the most consistent environmental risk factors associated with myopia. The Genes in Myopia (GEM) twin study is the first myopia twin study to determine the relative genetic contribution in educational attainment as well as assessing the shared genetic and environmental factors between educational attainment and refraction through structural equation modeling. Methods. All twins from Victoria aged 18 years or older were invited to participate in this study through the Australian Twin Registry (ATR). Each twin completed a general questionnaire, and a comprehensive eye examination was undertaken. Education level was categorized to prov..