Factors affecting responses to Likert type questionnaires: Introduction of the ImpExp, a new comprehensive model

Abstract

The major purpose of this paper is to propose a comprehensive model describing the effects of response sets within the theory framework of the stages of responding to questionnaires, and taking into account the effects of collectivist and individualist attributes within cross-cultural contexts. The introduction of this model aims to provide a construct that may help minimize biases in questionnaire-based research as well as providing new directions for theoretical and empirical research in the field of response sets. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.