Comparison of calorimetric energy and cavitation energy for the removal of bisphenol-A: The effects of frequency and liquid height

Abstract

For decades, the measurement of heat generated during sonication - the calorimetric method - has been considered to represent the energy efficiency of ultrasonic reactors for useful chemical reactions. In this study, a modified calorimetric energy method using cavitating and non-cavitating solutions, referred to as cavitation energy method, has been developed and compared with conventional calorimetric method for the removal of an organic pollutant, bisphenol-A, in aqueous solutions under various experimental conditions. As the liquid height/volume was increased, cavitation yield for the degradation and mineralization of BPA significantly increased at 36. kHz and 262. kHz. Higher cavitation ..