Journal article
Heterologous ("nonspecific") and sex-differential effects of vaccines: Epidemiology, clinical trials, and emerging immunologic mechanisms
KL Flanagan, R Van Crevel, N Curtis, F Shann, O Levy
Clinical Infectious Diseases | OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC | Published : 2013
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit209
Abstract
A growing body of evidence from epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic studies indicates that vaccines can influence morbidity and mortality independent of vaccine-specific B-cell or T-cell immunity. For example, the live attenuated measles vaccine and BCG vaccine may reduce mortality from infections other than measles or tuberculosis, respectively. Immunologists call these heterologous effects and epidemiologists have called them nonspecific effects, indicating that they manifest against a broad range of pathogens/disease. These effects differ by sex, can be beneficial or detrimental, and appear to be mediated by mechanisms including innate immune memory (also known as "trained immunity")..
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Awarded by National Institutes of Health
Funding Acknowledgements
The Second Optimmunize Meeting was funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation, Denmark, and by the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF108). R. vC. is funded by a VIDI grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research Foundation; N. C. has received grants from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC); O. L. is funded by the National Institutes of Health (grant number R01-AI100135-01) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (global health grant numbers OPPGH5284 and OPP1035192); K. L. F. has received funds from NHMRC and Clifford Craig Research Trust. O. L.'s laboratory has received sponsorship and reagent support from 3M Drug Delivery Systems and VentiRx Pharmaceuticals.