Interventional biliary radiology: Current state-of-the-art and future directions

Abstract

Technological advances have led to continued expansion in the scope of biliary intervention in both benign and malignant disease. The increased use of endoscopic biliary evaluation and intervention has modified the role of percutaneous techniques, however, those patients who do require a percutaneous approach often represent a technically difficult subgroup. We review 'state-of-the-art' practice, emerging technologies and future directions of biliary tract intervention.